Electroclinical Features and Long-Term Photosensitivity Outcome in Patients with Photoparoxysmal Response with Epilepsy.

Background: To investigate electroclinical phenotypes and long-term photosensitivity outcome in a large pediatric cohort of patients with epilepsy with photosensitivity. Methods: Patients with epilepsy with photosensitivity with four or more years of follow-up were included. Sustained terminal remission (STR) of photosensitivity (>3.5 years) and seizure control were investigated, as well as the prognostic factors of photosensitivity. Furthermore, a cluster analysis was used to study the different subgroups of photoparoxysmal responses (PPR). Results: We included 190 individuals with a median age at diagnosis of photosensitivity of 93.1 months (interquartile range [IQR] 62.8 to 120 months) and a median follow-up duration of 68.5 months (IQR 51.8 to 84 months). STR of photosensitivity was achieved in 97 (51.1%) patients, and the mean time from age at diagnosis of photosensitivity onset to STR was 16.5 months. Age at the last follow-up (9 to 18 years [P = 0.001]), a history of photoconvulsive response (PCR) (P = 0.009), and posterior epileptiform dis-charges (EDs) of PPRs (P = 0.05) were significantly associated with a lower chance of entering STR ac-cording to a Cox proportional hazards model. The subgroup of generalized epilepsy syndrome exhibited 46.2% of eye closure sensitivity and 47.7% of PCR. The rates of focal epilepsy syndrome (cluster 1), generalized epilepsy syndrome (cluster 2), and unclassified epilepsy (cluster 3) were similar and not statistically different in photosensitive outcome (P = 0.527). Conclusions: Age nine to 18 years, a history of PCR, and posterior EDs of PPRs were the adverse factors affecting photosensitivity, suggesting the effect of age-related brain changes in STR. There was no dif-ference in the prognosis of photosensitivity in different epileptic syndromes. (c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.