Influence of Collisions on the Validation of Global Gyrokinetic Simulations in the Edge and Scrape-off Layer of TCV

Understanding and predicting turbulent transport in the edge and scrape-off-layer (SOL) of magnetic confinement fusion devices is crucial for developing feasible fusion power plants. In this work, we present the latest improvements to the gyrokinetic turbulence code GENE-X and validate the extended model against experimental results in the TCV tokamak ("TCV-X21"). GENE-X features a full-f electromagnetic gyrokinetic model and is specifically targeted for edge and SOL simulations in diverted geometries. GENE-X can model the effect of collisions using either a basic Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) or more sophisticated Lenard-Bernstein/Dougherty (LBD) collision operator. We present the results of a series of GENE-X simulations using the BGK or LBD collision models, contrasting them to collisionless simulations. We validate the resulting plasma profiles, power balance, and SOL heat flux against experimental measurements. The match to the experiment significantly improves with the fidelity of the collision model chosen. We analyze the characteristics of the turbulence and find that in almost all cases in the confined region the turbulence is driven by trapped electron modes (TEM). Both the simulations without collisions and those with the BGK collision operator do not accurately describe turbulence driven by TEMs. The more sophisticated LBD collision operator presents a minimum requirement for accurate gyrokinetic edge turbulence simulations.