Bushen Antai recipe ameliorates immune microenvironment and maternal-fetal vascularization in STAT3-deficient abortion-prone mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Spontaneous abortion (SA) is an intricate disorder affecting women of repro-ductive age. Previous studies have confirmed the indispensable role of signal transducer and activator of tran-scription (STAT) 3 in normal pregnancy. Bushen Antai recipe (BAR) is a satisfactory formula commonly used in practice, based on the rationale of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for SA.Aim of the study: The current study explores the potential therapeutic effects and mechanistic insights of BAR in STAT3-deficient abortion-prone mice.Materials and methods: A STAT3-deficient abortion-prone mouse model was developed using intraperitoneal injection of stattic from embryo day (ED) 5.5 to ED9.5 among pregnant females (C57BL/6). We separately administered BAR1 (5.7 g/kg), BAR2 (11.4 g/kg), progesterone (P4), or distilled water at 10 ml/kg/day from ED0.5 until ED10.5. The embryo resorption rate and placenta-uterus structure were observed on ED10.5. The systemic immune status was examined by analyzing the frequency of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), the ratio of two macrophage (M) subtypes, and the protein expression of associated molecules. Morphological observation, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were used to evaluate the vascularization conditions at the maternal-fetal interface.Results: BAR1, BAR2, or P4 treatment exerted remarkable effects in alleviating embryo resorption rate and disordered placental-uterus structure in STAT3-deficient abortion-prone mice. Western blotting indicated the deficiency of phosphorylated STAT3 and two prime target molecules, PR and HIF-1 & alpha;, at the maternal-fetal interface under STAT3 inhibition. Simultaneously, BAR2 treatment significantly upregulated their expression levels. The systemic immune environment was disrupted, indicated by the reduced serum cytokine concentra-tions, MDSCs frequency, M2/M1 ratio, and the expression of immunomodulatory factors. Nonetheless, BAR2 or P4 treatment revived the immune tolerance for semi-allogenic embryos by enhancing the immune cells and factors. Besides, the western blot and immunohistochemistry results revealed that BAR2 or P4 treatment upre-gulated VEGFA/FGF2 and activated ERK/AKT phosphorylation. Therefore, BAR2 or P4 facilitated vasculariza-tion at the maternal-fetal interface in STAT3-deficient abortion-prone mice.Conclusions: BAR sustained pregnancy by reviving the systemic immune environment and promoting angio-genesis at the maternal-fetal interface in STAT3-deficient abortion-prone mice.