Follicular dysplasia and hair loss in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

There have been unpublished reports of a follicular dysplastic syndrome in adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; WTD), known colloquially as "toothpaste hair disease." The current report aims to describe the gross and histologic lesions in skin samples from 2 adult WTDs that presented to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory with reports of hair loss in 2018. Both cases were grossly alopecic with sparing of the distal extremities and variably the head and neck. Histologic features included hair follicles and adnexa present in relatively normal numbers, dilated and misshapen follicles, and dysplastic hair bulbs. Hair follicles were empty, contained fragmented and irregular hair shafts, or contained concretions of keratin. Hair bulbs were rarely infiltrated by small lymphocytes, suggestive of alopecia areata as a cause of the gross appearance. This condition does not appear to be directly responsible for WTD mortality but presumably would predispose affected animals to greater environmental exposure. Evaluation of additional affected individuals is warranted to further evaluate for features of alopecia areata.