The Efficacy and Timing of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

Background: A recovery period between surgery and initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) is common in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), which can progress after a relatively long time. Therefore, the efficacy of AC initiated within 90 days after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) was evaluated in UTUC patients at stage >= pT2 (N0-3M0), in addition to the effect of delayed AC initiation on survival outcomes. Methods: Clinical data for 428 UTUC patients diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma with postoperatively confirmed pathological stages, muscle-invasive or greater-stage (pT2-4) disease, any nodal status, and metastasis-free (M0) disease were retrospectively analyzed. All patients who received AC were treated within 90 days after RNU and underwent at least 4 cycles of the AC procedure. Then, patients receiving AC were divided into the "within 45 days" and "45 to 90 days" groups according to the time interval between RNU and AC initiation. Their clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated and the survival outcomes of the 2 groups were compared. Any adverse events that occurred during the AC process were also recorded. Results: A total of 428 patients were analyzed in the study, including 132 individuals who underwent the AC procedure with platinum in combination with gemcitabine within 90 days after RNU and 296 patients who failed to initiate AC within 90 days. The median age of all patients was 68 years (mean 67, range 28-90 years), and the median follow-up was 25 months (mean 36, range 1-129 months). There were no significant differences in age, sex, lymph node metastasis, tumor location, hydronephrosis status, hematuria status, cancer grade, or multifocality between the 2 groups. Individuals undergoing AC initiated within 90 days of RNU showed a significantly decreased mortality relative to those patients who did not receive AC. Shorter intervals between RNU and AC initiation within 45 days vs. 45-90 days did not improve patient OS and cancer-specific survival (CSS) and may have increased the incidence of adverse events. Conclusion: The present study data supported the finding that a platinum-based combination with gemcitabine regimen initiated postoperatively significantly improved OS and CSS in patients with UTUC at stages >= pT2 (N0-3M0). Furthermore, no survival benefit was evident in patients who started AC within 45 days after RNU compared to those who received AC within 45 to 90 days. (C) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.