Recommendations for Canada?s National Action Plan to End Gender-Based Violence: perspectives from leaders, service providers and survivors in Canada?s largest city the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: The Canadian government has committed to a national action plan (NAP) to address violence against women (VAW). However, a formalized plan for implementa-tion has not been published. Building on existing recommendations and consultations, we conducted the first formal and peer-reviewed qualitative analysis of the perspectives of leaders, service providers and survivors on what should be considered in Canada's NAP on VAW. Methods: We applied thematic analysis to qualitative data from 18 staff working on VAW services (11 direct support, 7 in leadership roles) and 10 VAW survivor participants of a community-based study on VAW programming during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Greater Toronto Area (Ontario, Canada). Results: We generated 12 recommendations for Canada's NAP on VAW, which we orga-nized into four thematic areas: (1) invest into VAW services and crisis supports (e.g. strengthen referral mechanisms to VAW programming); (2) enhance structural supports (e.g. invest in the full housing continuum for VAW survivors); (3) develop coordinated systems (e.g. strengthen collaboration between health and VAW systems); and (4) imple-ment and evaluate primary prevention strategies (e.g. conduct a gender-based and inter-sectional analysis of existing social and public policies). Conclusion: In this study, we developed, prioritized and nuanced recommendations for Canada's proposed NAP on VAW based on a rigorous analysis of the perspectives of VAW survivors and staff in Canada's largest city during the COVID-19 pandemic. An effective NAP will require investment in direct support organizations; equitable housing and other structural supports; strategic coordination of health, justice and social care systems; and primary prevention strategies, including gender transformative policy reform.