Subseasonal Variation in Neptune's Mid-infrared Emission

We present an analysis of all currently available ground-based imaging of Neptune in the mid-infrared. Dating between 2003 and 2020, the images reveal changes in Neptune's mid-infrared (similar to 8-25 mu m) emission over time in the years surrounding Neptune's 2005 southern summer solstice. Images sensitive to stratospheric ethane (similar to 12 mu m), methane (similar to 8 mu m), and CH3D (similar to 9 mu m) display significant subseasonal temporal variation on regional and global scales. Comparison with H-2 S(1) hydrogen quadrupole (similar to 17.035 mu m) spectra suggests that these changes are primarily related to stratospheric temperature changes. The stratosphere appears to have cooled between 2003 and 2009 across multiple filtered wavelengths, followed by a dramatic warming of the south pole between 2018 and 2020. Conversely, upper-tropospheric temperatures-inferred from similar to 17 to 25 mu m imaging-appear invariant during this period, except for the south pole, which appeared warmest between 2003 and 2006. We discuss the observed variability in the context of seasonal forcing, tropospheric meteorology, and the solar cycle. Collectively, these data provide the strongest evidence to date that processes produce subseasonal variation on both global and regional scales in Neptune's stratosphere.