Epicardial Wolff–Parkinson–White Ablation

A 45-year-old female patient without structural heart disease was referred for redo Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) ablation after an unsuccessful endocardial procedure. The refractory period of the accessory pathway had been measured at 230 ms and antiarrhythmic treatment with flecainide was unsuccessful. 1. The surface electrogram shows the largest negative δ-wave in lead III. 2. During endocardial mapping …