谷歌浏览器插件
订阅小程序
在清言上使用

Commodity Demand: Drivers, Outlook, and Implications

The World Bank eBooks(2022)

引用 0|浏览7
暂无评分
摘要
No AccessDec 2022Commodity Demand: Drivers, Outlook, and ImplicationsAuthors/Editors: John Baffes, Peter NagleJohn BaffesSearch for more papers by this author, Peter NagleSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1911-7_ch2AboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (53.3 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Reports that commodity consumption has surged over the past half century, with metal commodities leading the way, their consumption rising fourfold between 1970 and 2019, followed by a threefold increase in consumption of energy and agricultural commodities. Key drivers of this growth include income and population growth, with demand for metals the most responsive to rising income. Technological innovations have heavily influenced the commodity intensity of output by boosting efficiency in the consumption and production of commodities. Government policies, through taxes, subsidies, and regulation, have also had strong effects. These factors, along with changes in relative prices reflecting the relative scarcity of resources, affect the composition of demand as well as the total. Over the decades ahead, the energy transition should prove a primary driver of substitution among commodity groups. The switch to low-carbon sources of energy will likely reduce consumption of hydrocarbons but increase consumption of the metals used to produce clean energy, such as copper. ReferencesAdeyemi, I O and L C Hunt. 2007. “Modelling OECD Industrial Energy Demand: Asymmetric Price Responses and Energy-Saving Technical Change.” Energy Economics 29 (4): 693-709. CrossrefGoogle ScholarAghion, P, C Antonin, and S Bunel. 2021. The Power of Creative Destruction: Economic Upheaval and the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google ScholarAkiyama, T and P Varangis. 1990. “The Impact of the International Coffee Agreement on Producing Countries.” World Bank Economic Review 4 (2): 157-73. CrossrefGoogle ScholarAngel, S, A M Blei, J Parent, P Lamson-Hall, N G Sánchez, D L Civco, R Q Lei, and K Thom. 2016. Atlas of Urban Expansion—2016 Edition. New York: NYU Urban Expansion Program at New York University, UN-Habitat, and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Google ScholarBaffes, J, A Kabundi, and P Nagle. 2022. “The Role of Income and Substitution in Commodity Demand.” Oxford Economic Papers 74 (2): 498-522. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBaffes, J, M A Kose, F Ohnsorge, and M Stocker. 2015. “The Great Plunge in Oil Prices: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses.” Policy Research Note 1, World Bank, Washington, DC. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBailliu, J, D Bilgin, K Mo, K Niquidet, and B Sawatzky. 2019. “Global Commodity Markets and Rebalancing in China: The Case of Copper.” Staff Discussion Paper 03, Bank of Canada, Ottawa. Google ScholarBarnes, D, K Krutilla, and W Hyde. 2005. The Urban Household Energy Transition. Milton Park, U.K.: Routledge. Google ScholarBenfield, F, M Raimi, and D Chen. 1999. Once There Were Green Fields: How Urban Sprawl Is Undermining America’s Environment, Economy and Social Fabric. New York: Natural Resources Defense Council. Google ScholarBoer, P, A Pescatori, and M Stuermer. 2021. “Energy Transition Metals” IMF Working Paper 243, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Google ScholarBogmans, C, L Kiyasseh, A Matsumoto, and A Pescatori. 2020. “Energy, Efficiency Gains and Economic Development: When Will Global Energy Demand Saturate?” IMF Working Paper 253, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Google ScholarBP (British Petroleum). 2020. “Energy Outlook 2020 Edition.” https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2020.pdf. Google ScholarBrody, S 2013. “The Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences of Sprawling Development Patterns in the United States.” Nature Education Knowledge 4 (5): 2. Google ScholarBrounen, D, N Kok, and J Quigley. 2012. “Residential Energy Use and Conservation: Economics and Demographics.” European Economic Review 56 (5): 931-45. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBrownstone, D and T Golob. 2009. “The Impact of Residential Density on Vehicle Usage and Energy Consumption.” Journal of Urban Economics 65 (1): 91-98. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBurchell, R, N Shad, D Listokin, and H Phillips. 1998. The Costs of Sprawl Revisited. Report 39. Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Google ScholarBurke, P and Z Csereklyei. 2016. “Understanding the Energy-GDP Elasticity: A Sectoral Approach.” Energy Economics 58 (8): 199-210. CrossrefGoogle ScholarCampbell, T, C Williams, O Ivanova, and B Garrett. 2011. “Could 3D Printing Change the World? Technologies, Potential, and Implications of Additive Manufacturing.” Strategic Foresight Initiative, Atlantic Council, Washington, DC. Google ScholarChan, H L and S K Lee. 1997. “Modelling and Forecasting the Demand for Coal in China.” Energy Economics 19 (3): 271-87. CrossrefGoogle ScholarChandrasekhar, S 1989. “Cartel in a Can: The Financial Collapse of the International Tin Council.” Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business 10 (2): 308-32. Google ScholarChen, W and T E Graedel. 2012. “Anthropogenic Cycles of the Elements: A Critical Review.” Environmental Science & Technology 46 (16): 8574-86. CrossrefGoogle ScholarClark, C 1940. The Conditions of Economic Progress. London: Macmillan. Google ScholarCleveland, C J and M Ruth. 1998. “Indicators of Dematerialization and the Materials Intensity of Use.” Journal of Industrial Ecology 2 (3): 15-50. CrossrefGoogle ScholarCole, M and E Neumayer. 2004. “Examining the Impact of Demographic Factors on Air Pollution.” Population and Environment 26: 5-21. CrossrefGoogle ScholarCreutzig, F 2014. “How Fuel Prices Determine Public Transportation Infrastructure, Modal Shares and Urban Form.” Urban Climate 10 (December): 63-76. CrossrefGoogle ScholarCreutzig, F, G Baiocchi, R Bierkandt, P P Pichler, and K C Seto. 2015. “A Global Typology of Urban Energy Use and Potentials for an Urbanization Mitigation Wedge.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (20): 6283-88. CrossrefGoogle ScholarCrompton, P 2015. “Explaining Variation in Steel Consumption in the OECD.” Resources Policy 45 (September): 239-46. CrossrefGoogle ScholarCsereklyei, Z and D Stern. 2015. “Global Energy Use: Decoupling or Convergence?” Energy Economics 51 (September): 633-41. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDahl, C 2012. “Measuring Global Gasoline and Diesel Price and Income Elasticities.” Energy Policy 41 (C): 2-13. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDahl, C A and C Roman. 2004. “Energy Demand Elasticities Fact or Fiction? A Survey Update.” Paper presented at the 24th Annual North American Conference of the United States and International Association for Energy Economics (USAEE/IAEE), “Energy, Environment and Economics in a New Era,” Washington, DC, July 7-10. Google ScholarDasgupta, S, S Lall, and D Wheeler. 2021. “Urban CO2 Emissions: A Global Analysis with new Satellite Data.” Policy Research Working Paper 9845, World Bank, Washington, DC. Google ScholarDavis, J S 1946. “Experience under Intergovernmental Commodity Agreements, 1902-45.” Journal of Political Economy 54 (3): 193-220. CrossrefGoogle Scholarde Gorter, H and D R Just. 2009. “The Economics of a Blend Mandate for Biofuels.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 91 (3): 738-50. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDienes, L, I Dobozi, and M Radetzki. 1994. Energy and Economic Reform in the Former Soviet Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDijkstra, L, A Florczyk, S Freire, T Kemper, M Melchiorri, M Pesaresi, and M Schiavina. 2020. “Applying the Degree of Urbanisation to the Globe: A New Harmonised Definition Reveals a Different Picture of Global Urbanisation.” Journal of Urban Economics 125 (2). Google ScholarDijkstra, L, E Hamilton, S Lall, and S Wahba. 2020. “How Do We Define Cities, Towns, and Rural Areas?” Sustainable Cities (blog), World Bank, March 10, 2020. https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/how-do-we-define-cities-towns-and-rural-areas. Google ScholarDrollas, L P 1984. “The Demand for Gasoline: Further Evidence.” Energy Economics 6 (1): 71-82. CrossrefGoogle ScholarEberts, R and D McMillen. 1999. “Agglomeration Economies and Urban Public Infrastructure.” In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 3, Applied Urban Economics, edited by Cheshire, P and E S Mills, 1455-195. Amsterdam: ScienceDirect. Google ScholarEIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). 2021. Annual Coal Report 2020. Washington, DC: United States Energy Information Administration. Google ScholarErdogdu, E 2010. “Natural Gas Demand in Turkey.” Applied Energy 87: 211-19. CrossrefGoogle ScholarEvans, M and A C Lewis. 2005. “Dynamics Metal Demand Model.” Resources Policy 30: 55-69. CrossrefGoogle ScholarFernandez, V 2018a. “Price and Income Elasticity of Demand for Mineral Commodities.” Resources Policy 59: 160-83. CrossrefGoogle ScholarFernandez, V 2018b. “Mineral Commodity Consumption and Intensity of Use Re-assessed.” International Review of Financial Analysis 59 (10): 10-16. Google ScholarFouquet, R 2014. “Long-Run Demand for Energy Services: Income and Price Elasticities over Two Hundred Years.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 8 (2): 186-207. CrossrefGoogle ScholarGately, D and H G Huntington. 2002. “The Asymmetric Effects of Changes in Price and Income on Energy and Oil Demand.” Energy Journal 23 (1): 19-55. CrossrefGoogle ScholarGately, D and S Streifel. 1997. “The Demand for Oil Products in Developing Countries.” Discussion Paper 359, World Bank, Washington, DC. LinkGoogle ScholarGilbert, C L 2011. “International Agreements for Commodity Price Stabilization: An Assessment.” OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers No. 53, OECD Publishing, Paris. Google ScholarGillingham, K, D Rapson, and G Wagner. 2016. “The Rebound Effect and Energy Efficiency Policy.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 10 (1): 68-88. CrossrefGoogle ScholarGlaeser, E and E Kahn 2010. “The Greenness of Cities: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Urban Development.” Journal of Urban Economics 67 (3): 404-18. CrossrefGoogle ScholarGoeller, H E and A M Weinberg. 1978. “The Age of Substitutability.” American Economic Review 68 (6): 1-11. Google ScholarGuzmán, J I, T Nashiyama, and J E Tilton. 2005. “Trends in the Intensity of Copper Use in Japan since 1960.” Resources Policy 30 (March): 21-27. CrossrefGoogle ScholarHamilton, J 2009. “Understanding Crude Oil Prices.” Energy Journal 30 (2): 179-206. CrossrefGoogle ScholarHankey, S and J Marshall. 2010. “Impacts of Urban Form on Future US Passenger-Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Energy Policy 38 (9): 4880-87. CrossrefGoogle ScholarHanlon, W W 2015. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention: Input Supplies and Directed Technical Change.” Econometrica 83 (1): 67-100. CrossrefGoogle ScholarHayami, Y and V W Ruttan. 1970. “Prices and Technical Change in Agricultural Development: The United States and Japan, 1880-1960.” Journal of Political Economy 78 (5): 1115-41. CrossrefGoogle ScholarHerman, R, S A Ardekani, and J H Ausubel. 1990. “Dematerialization.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 38 (4): 333-47. CrossrefGoogle ScholarHicks, J R 1932. The Theory of Wages. New York: Macmillan. Google ScholarHommann, K and S Lall. 2019. Which Way to Livable and Productive Cities? A Road Map for Sub-Saharan Africa. International Development in Focus Series. Washington, DC: World Bank. LinkGoogle ScholarHovhannisyan, V and S Devadoss. 2020. “Effects of Urbanization on Food Demand in China.” Empirical Economics 58 (2): 699-721. CrossrefGoogle ScholarHuntington, H, J Barrios, and V Arora. 2017. “Review of Key International Demand Elasticities for Major Industrializing Economies.” U.S. Energy Information Administration Working Paper, Washington, DC. Google ScholarICA (International Copper Alliance). 2017. “The Electric Vehicle Market and Copper Demand.” International Copper Alliance, New York. Google ScholarIEA (International Energy Agency). 1979. “Principles for IEA Action on Coal: Decision on Procedures for Review of IEA Countries’ Coal Policies.” Press release, Paris, International Energy Agency. Google ScholarIEA (International Energy Agency). 1995. The History of the International Energy Agency. 1974-1994. Paris: International Energy Agency. Google ScholarIEA (International Energy Agency). 2008. World Energy Outlook 2008. Paris: International Energy Agency. CrossrefGoogle ScholarIEA (International Energy Agency). 2019a. Global EV Outlook 2019. Paris: International Energy Agency. CrossrefGoogle ScholarIEA (International Energy Agency). 2019b. “The Role of Gas in Today’s Energy Transitions.” World Energy Outlook special report, International Energy Agency, Paris. Google ScholarIEA (International Energy Agency). 2020. World Energy Outlook 2020. Paris: International Energy Agency. CrossrefGoogle ScholarIEA (International Energy Agency). 2021a. World Energy Balances 2021. Paris: International Energy Agency. Google ScholarIEA (International Energy Agency). 2021b. World Energy Outlook 2021. Paris: International Energy Agency. CrossrefGoogle ScholarIEA (International Energy Agency). 2021c. Net Zero by 2050. A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. Paris: International Energy Agency. CrossrefGoogle ScholarIIF (Institute of International Finance). 2021. Sustainable Debt Monitor: Race to Net Zero Drives ESG Flows. Washington, DC: Institute of International Finance. Google ScholarImhoff, M, P Zhang, R Wolfe, and L Bounoua. 2010. “Remote Sensing of the Urban Heat Island Effect across Biomes in the Continental USA.” Remote Sensing of Environment 114 (3): 504-13. CrossrefGoogle ScholarIPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Google ScholarIRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). 2020. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. Google ScholarJacks, D S and M Stuermer. 2018. “What Drives Commodity Price Booms and Busts?” Energy Economics 85 (1): 104035. Google ScholarJakob, M, M Haller, and R Marschinski. 2012. “Will History Repeat Itself? Economic Convergence and Convergence in Energy Use Patterns.” Energy Economics 34 (1): 95-104. CrossrefGoogle ScholarJaunky, V C 2012. “Is There a Material Kuznets Curve for Aluminium? Evidence from Rich Countries?” Resources Policy 37 (3): 296-307. CrossrefGoogle ScholarJones, D 1991. “How Urbanization Affects Energy-Use in Developing Countries.” Energy Policy 19 (7): 621-30. CrossrefGoogle ScholarJones, D 2004. “Urbanization and Energy.” Encyclopedia of Energy 6: 329-35. CrossrefGoogle ScholarJoyeux, R and R D Ripple. 2011. “Energy Consumption and Real Income: A Panel Cointegration Multi-country Study.” Energy Journal 32 (2): 107-41. CrossrefGoogle ScholarKahn, M 2000. “The Environmental Impact of Suburbanization.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 19 (4): 569-86. CrossrefGoogle ScholarKamerschen, D R and D V Porter. 2004. “The Demand for Residential, Industrial and Total Electricity, 1973-1998.” Energy Economics 26 (1): 87-100. CrossrefGoogle ScholarKharina, A and D Rutherford. 2015. “Fuel Efficiency Trends for New Commercial Jet Aircraft: 1960 to 2014.” White Paper series, International Council on Clean Transportation, Washington, DC. Google ScholarKovarik, C 2013. “Biofuels in History.” In Biofuel Crops: Production, Physiology and Genetics, edited by Singh, B P. Wallingford, U.K.: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. CrossrefGoogle ScholarKrichene, N 2002. “World Crude Oil and Natural Gas: A Demand and Supply Model.” Energy Economics 24 (6): 557-76. CrossrefGoogle ScholarKuznets, S 1971. Economic Growth of Nations: Total Output and Production Structure. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. CrossrefGoogle ScholarLahoni, P R and J E Tilton. 1993. “A Cross-Section Analysis of Metal Intensity of Use in the Less-Developed Countries.” Resources Policy 19 (3): 145-54. CrossrefGoogle ScholarLall, S V, M Lebrand, H Park, D Sturm, and A J Venables. 2021. Pancakes to Pyramids: City Form to Promote Sustainable Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank. LinkGoogle ScholarLariviere, I and G Lafrance. 1999. “Modelling the Electricity Consumption of Cities: Effect of Urban Density.” Energy Economics 21 (1): 53-66. CrossrefGoogle ScholarLarson, W and A Yezer. 2015. “The Energy Implications of City Size and Density.” Journal of Urban Economics 90 (November): 35-49. CrossrefGoogle ScholarLiddle, B 2004. “Demographic Dynamics and Per Capita Environmental Impact: Using Panel Regressions and Household Decompositions to Examine Population and Transport.” Population and Environment 26 (1): 23-39. CrossrefGoogle ScholarLiddle, B and S Lung. 2010. “Age-Structure, Urbanization, and Climate Change in Developed Countries: Revisiting STIRPAT for Disaggregated Population and Consumption-Related Environmental Impacts.” Population and Environment 31 (5): 317-43. CrossrefGoogle ScholarLiu, J, G Daily, P Ehrlich, and G Luck. 2003. “Effects of Household Dynamics on Resource Consumption and Biodiversity.” Nature 421 (6922): 530-33. CrossrefGoogle ScholarLiu, Y 2009. “Exploring the Relationship between Urbanization and Energy Consumption in China Using ARDL and FDM.” Energy 34 (11): 1846-54. CrossrefGoogle ScholarLundgren, N-G 1996. “Bulk Trade and Maritime Transport Costs: The Evolution of Global Markets.” Resources Policy 22 (1): 5-32. CrossrefGoogle ScholarMarshall, J 2007. “Urban Land Area and Population Growth: A New Scaling Relationship for Metropolitan Expansion.” Urban Studies 44 (10): 1889-904. CrossrefGoogle ScholarMishra, V, R Smyth, and S Sharma. 2009. “The Energy-GDP Nexus: Evidence from a Panel of Pacific Island Countries.” Resource and Energy Economics 31 (3): 210-20. CrossrefGoogle ScholarMorikawa, M 2012. “Population Density and Energy Efficiency in Energy Consumption: An Empirical Analysis of Service Establishments.” Energy Economics 34 (5): 1617-22. CrossrefGoogle ScholarNappi, C 1990. “The Food and Beverage Container Industries: Change and Diversity.” In World Metal Demand: Trends and Prospects, edited by Tilton, J E, 38. New York: Resources for the Future Press. Google ScholarNewell, R G, A B Jaffe, and R N Stavins. 1999. “The Induced Innovation Hypothesis and Energy Saving Technical Change.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (3): 941-74. CrossrefGoogle ScholarNewman, P 2006. “The Environmental Impact of Cities.” Environmental Urbanization 18 (2): 275-95. CrossrefGoogle ScholarOECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2021. “Carbon Pricing in Times of COVID-19: What Has Changed in G20 Economies—OECD.” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. Google ScholarOlmstead, A L and P Rhode. 1993. “Induced Innovation in American Agriculture: A Reconsideration.” Journal of Political Economy 101 (1): 100-18. CrossrefGoogle ScholarPachauri, S and L Jiang. 2009. “The Household Energy Transition in India and China.” Energy Policy 36 (11): 4022-35. CrossrefGoogle ScholarPandey, B, M Reba, P Joshi, and K Seto. 2020. “Urbanization and Food Consumption in India.” Scientific Reports 10: 17241. CrossrefGoogle ScholarParikh, J and V Shukla. 1995. “Urbanization, Energy Use and Greenhouse Effects in Economic Development: Results from a Cross-National Study of Developing Countries.” Global Environmental Change 5 (2): 87-103. CrossrefGoogle ScholarPei, F and J Tilton. 1999. “Consumer Preferences, Technological Change, and the Short-Run Income Elasticity of Metal Demand.” Resources Policy 25 (2): 87-109. CrossrefGoogle ScholarPesaran, M H, Y Shin, and R Smith. 1999. “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 294 (446): 621-34. CrossrefGoogle ScholarPoumanyvong, P and S Kaneko. 2010. “Does Urbanization Lead to Less Energy Use and Lower CO2 Emissions? A Cross Country Analysis.” Ecological Economics 70 (2): 434-44. CrossrefGoogle ScholarPoumanyvong, P, S Kaneko, and S Dhakal. 2012. “Impacts of Urbanization on National Transport and Road Energy Use: Evidence from Low-, Middle- and High-Income Countries.” Energy Policy 46 (July): 268-77. CrossrefGoogle ScholarPrebisch, R 1950. The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems. New York: United Nations. Google ScholarRadetzki, M, R Eggert, G Lagos, M Lima, and J E Tilton. 2008. “The Boom in Mineral Markets: How Long Might It Last?” Resources Policy 33 (3): 125-28. CrossrefGoogle ScholarRegmi, A and J Dyck. 2001. “Effects of Urbanization on Global Food Demand.” Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade / WRS-01-1, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Google ScholarRoberts, M C 1996. “Metals Use and the World Economy.” Resources Policy 22 (3): 183-96. CrossrefGoogle ScholarRoberts, T J 1951. “A Study of International Commodity Agreements.” Master’s thesis, University of British Columbia, Canada. Google ScholarRoyal Dutch Shell. 2021. “The Energy Transformation Scenarios.” Shell International B.V., London. Google ScholarRuhl, C, P Appleby, J Fennema, A Naumov, and M Schaffer. 2012. “Economic Development and the Demand for Energy: A Historical Perspective on the Next 20 Years.” Energy Policy 50 (November): 109-16. CrossrefGoogle ScholarSadorsky, P 2013. “Do Urbanization and Industrialization Affect Energy Intensity in Developing Countries?” Energy Economics, 37 (May): 52-59. CrossrefGoogle ScholarSalim, R and S Shafiei. 2014. “Non-renewable and Renewable Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis.” Energy Policy 66 (C): 547-56. Google ScholarSatterthwaite, D 2011. “How Urban Societies Can Adapt to Resource Shortage and Climate Change.” Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369 (1942): 1762-83. Google ScholarSchmidhuber, J and F N Tubiello. 2007. “Global Food Security and Climate Change.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 104 (50): 19703-08. CrossrefGoogle ScholarSchwerhoff, G and M Stuermer. 2019. “Non-Renewable Resources, Extraction Technology and Endogenous Growth.” Working Paper 1506, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Google ScholarSearchinger, T, R Heimlich, R A Houghton, F Dong, A Elobeid, J Fabiosa, S Tokgoz, D Hayes, and T-H Yu. 2008. “Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land-Use Changes.” Science 319 (5867): 1238-40. CrossrefGoogle ScholarShealy, M and J P Dorian. 2010. “Growing Chinese Coal Use: Dramatic Resource and Environmental Implications.” Energy Policy 38 (5): 2116-22. CrossrefGoogle ScholarSinger, H W 1950. “The Distribution of Gains between Investing and Borrowing Countries.” American Economic Review 40 (2): 473-85. Google ScholarStage, J, J Stage, and G McGranahan. 2010. “Is Urbanization Contributing to Higher Food Prices?” Environment and Urbanization 22 (1): 199-215. CrossrefGoogle ScholarStuermer, M 2017. “Industrialization and the Demand for Mineral Commodities.” Journal of International Money and Finance 76 (September): 16-27. CrossrefGoogle ScholarTcha, M and G Takashina. 2002. “Is World Metal Consumption in Disarray?” Resources Policy 28 (1-2): 61-74. CrossrefGoogle ScholarTilton, J 1990. World Metal Demand: Trends and Prospects. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future Press. Google ScholarTilton, J and J I Guzmán. 2016. Mineral Economics and Policy. New York: RFF Press. CrossrefGoogle ScholarUN Habitat. 2020. World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Google ScholarUnited Nations. 2019. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Edition. New York: United Nations. Google ScholarUnited Nations. 2020. “Statistical Commission: Report on the Fifty-First Session (3-6 March 2020).” Economic and Social Council, Official Records, 2020, Supplement No. 4. United Nations, New York. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/51st-session/documents/Report-2020-Draft-EE.pdf. Google ScholarUrge-Vorsatz, D, G Miladinovab, and L Paizs. 2006. “Energy in Transition: From the Iron Curtain to the European Union.” Energy Policy 34 (15): 2279-97. CrossrefGoogle ScholarValin, H, R Sands, D van der Mensbrugghe, G Nelson, H Ahammad, E Blanc, and B Bodirsky, et al. 2014. “The Future of Food Demand: Understanding Differences in Global Economic Models.” Agricultural Economics 45 (1): 51-67. CrossrefGoogle Scholarvan Soest, H L, M G J den Elzen, and D P van Vuuren. 2021. “Net-Zero Emission Targets for Major Emitting Countries Consistent with the Paris Agreement.” Nature Communications 12 (1): 2140. CrossrefGoogle ScholarVandeWeghe, J and C Kennedy. 2007. “A Spatial Analysis of Residential Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area.” Journal of Industrial Ecology 11 (2): 133-44. CrossrefGoogle ScholarVerico, K 2013. “Economic Cooperation in Natural Rubber: The Impacts on Natural Rubber’s World Supply and Indonesia’s Economy.” Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 10 (2): 199419. Google ScholarWahba, S 2019. “Smarter Cities for an Inclusive, Resilient Future.” Sustainable Cities (blog), December 3, 2019. https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/smarter-cities-inclusive-resilient-future. Google ScholarWårrel, L 2014. “Trends and Developments in Long-Term Steel Demand: The Intensity-of-Use Hypothesis Revisited.” Resources Policy 39 (March): 134-43. CrossrefGoogle ScholarWellmer, F-W 2012. “Sustainable Development and Mineral Resources.” In Géosciences No. 15: Ressources minerals; Contribution des au sommet de la Terre 2021. https://www.brgm.fr/en/news/journal/geosciences-no-15-mineral-resources. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2010. “Cities and Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda.” Urban Development series, Knowledge Paper 10, World Bank, Washington, DC. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2017. The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future. Washington, DC: World Bank. LinkGoogle ScholarWorld Bank. 2018a. Commodity Markets Outlook: The Changing of the Guard—Shifts in Commodity Demand. October. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2018b. Global Economic Prospects: The Turning of the Tide? June. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2019. Commodity Markets Outlook: Food Price Shocks: Channels and Implications. April. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2020. Commodity Markets Outlook: Implications of COVID-19 for Commodities. April. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2021a. Demographic Trends and Urbanization. Washington, DC: World Bank. LinkGoogle ScholarWorld Bank 2021b. Commodity Markets Outlook: Urbanization and Commodity Demand. October. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2021c. World Bank Group Climate Change Action Plan 2021-2025: Supporting Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development. World Bank, Washington, DC. Google ScholarYork, R 2007. “Demographic Trends and Energy Consumption in European Union Nations, 1960-2025.” Social Science Research 36 (3): 855-72. CrossrefGoogle ScholarYu, Y 2011. “Identifying the Linkages between Major Mining Commodity Prices and China’s Economic Growth—Implications for Latin America.” IMF Working Paper 86, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Google Scholar Previous chapterNext chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: December 2022ISBN: 978-1-4648-1911-7e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-1912-4 Copyright & Permissions Related TopicsAgricultureEnergyEnvironmentInternational Economics & TradeMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthScience and Technology Development KeywordsPRICE VOLATILITYCOMMODITY PRICESFOOD PROCESSINGFOOD CONSUMPTIONEXPORTERSCOMMODITY TRADINGAGRICULTURAL COMMODITY TRADINGLOW-CARBON FUELSTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTCLEAN ENERGYHYDROCARBONSAGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIESENERGY SUBSIDIESENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY PRODUCTION PDF DownloadLoading ...
更多
查看译文
关键词
demand
AI 理解论文
溯源树
样例
生成溯源树,研究论文发展脉络
Chat Paper
正在生成论文摘要