Artificial homeostasis system with electrochemical sensing and pharmaceutical stimulation for impaired brain function

Abstract Treatment trends for Parkinson’s disease are revolutionizing from conventional pharmaceutical treatment depending on the patient’s symptoms to closed-loop electroceutical treatment in order to minimize the crucial pharmacokinetic drawbacks. Over the decades, closed-loop neuromodulations have been achieved by electroceutical devices based on continuous electrical stimulation and sensing of electrophysiological biomarkers. However, critical drawbacks have been observed with vulnerable to artefacts from the nearby stimulation electrode and frequent adjustment of stimulation parameters. On the contrary, direct monitoring of neurochemicals allows high spatial resolution, signal specificity and interference-free detection compared to closed-loop DBS. Here, we propose an artificial homeostasis system with electrochemical sensing and pharmaceutical stimulation for impaired brain function. In order to implement the artificial homeostasis system by mimicking the brain system, we have reported an implantable multi-deformable double-sided DA-sensing probe with an all-in-one structure by integrating three-electrode system and drug refillable microfluidic probe with controllable injection for synchronized diagnosis and treatment. The experimental and computational analysis clearly indicate that the proposed probes could serve as potential tools for building artificial homeostasis by the bio-responsive closed-loop system with an electropharmaceutical approach.