Recovery of Ionic Liquids from Aqueous Solutions Using Membrane Technology

Ionic liquids (ILs) have great potential as solvents and catalysts in the most diverse areas of the chemical industry. However, the need for a process that allows the recycling and purification of ILs in an efficient and economically viable manner is restricting the practical application of these solvents. The recycling processes most used to recover ILs are distillation and evaporation, followed by extraction and crystallization. However, most of these processes demand high energy consumption, or temperatures that may compromise the structural and chemical stability of the ILs. This work focuses on understanding the separation of ionic liquid from aqueous solution using membranes, a technique widely used in industry. The separation of eleven ILs (([C4mim][AOc], [C4mim][SCN], [C4mim][CF3SO3], [C4mim][CF3CO2], [C4mim][Cl], [C8mim][Cl], [P4444][Cl], [N4444][Cl], [C4mpip][Cl], [C4mpyr][Cl] and [C4-2-mpy][Cl]) was studied using a nanofiltration (NF270) and a reverse osmosis (BW30LE) membrane. The influence of cation and anion, pressure, IL concentration, and temperature, on the separation of ILs, was evaluated. The Donnan exclusion mechanism was found to be the limiting factor for the reverse osmosis, while the combination of concentration polarization and sieving mechanism was the limiting factor for nanofiltration membrane. The increase of temperature and pressure leads to an increase in the volumetric flux at the cost of a decrease of the IL retention. On the other hand, the increase in the concentration of the IL solution resulted in an increase in the osmotic pressure and, consequently, a decrease in the volumetric flow and a decrease in the rejection of the IL.