The WInd VElocity Radar Nephoscope (WIVERN): a candidate mission for the ESA Earth Explorer 11

<p>The WIVERN (WInd VElocity Radar Nephoscope) concept, now in Phase&#160;0 of the ESA Earth Explorer program, promises to complement Doppler wind lidar by globally observing, for the first time, the vertical profiles of winds in cloudy areas. The mission will also strengthen the cloud and precipitation observation capability of the Global Observing System by providing unprecedented revisit time of cloud and precipitation vertical profiles. The mission hinges upon a single instrument, i.e., a dual-polarization Doppler W-band scanning cloud radar with a 3&#8201;m circular aperture non-deployable main reflector. The WIVERN antenna conically scans a large swath (of about 800 km) around nadir at an off-nadir angle of about 38^o at 12&#8201;rpm (revolutions per minute). This viewing geometry allows daily revisits poleward of 50&#176;, 50-km horizontal resolution, and approximately 1-km vertical resolution. A key element is the use of closely spaced pulse pairs one of which is H polarised the other V polarised, so that the target does not have time to reshuffle, and, providing there is no significant cross-talk between the two returns, the high velocities associated with wind storms can be retrieved.&#160;</p> <p>In this paper we will discuss the scientific objectives of the mission and will outline some of the technical challenges of the measuring technique. In particular we will discuss how to correct for wind biases introduced by the satellite motion and wind shear across the beam, how to account for cross-talk between the H and V returns due to depolarisation by meteorological targets, how to calibrate the instrument and how to identify mis-pointing of the antenna that could affect Doppler accuracy. We will also present examples of Level 1 products via an end to end simulations applied to high resolution cloud resolving models and expected performances of the instrument in terms of cloud/precipitation and wind coverage.</p>