Unveiling High-Performance Carburized Mild Steel Using Coconut Shell Ash and CaCO3 Nanoparticles Derived from Periwinkle Shell

The surface hardening of mild steel by carburization using periwinkle shell nanoparticles (PWSnp) and coconut shell (CS) was investigated. The carburization was done at 850, 900, and 950 °C with a ratio of PWSnp:CS of 1:9, 2:8, and 3:7. The case depth, hardness values, wear, and corrosion rates were determined. A 114.1