Design of Experiments Study on Scottish Wood Biochars and Process Parameter Influence on Final Biochar Characteristics

Native Scottish wood samples were investigated as potential, locally sourced, raw materials for biochar production. Screening experiments identified pure softwood as the preferable feedstock. Influence of operational parameters, i.e. activating gas flow rate (CO 2 ), heating ramp rate and contact time on final biochar characteristics, was investigated using design of experiments. Surface area and biochar yield were selected as response variables. Minitab was used to define experimental run conditions and suggested an optimal output at 60 min contact time and 15 °C/min ramp rate for maximum responses. The highest surface area (764 m 2 /g) was achieved at 850 °C from softwood, albeit with a low yield of 15%. Under optimised conditions, the observed surface area was 613 m 2 /g with ~ 18% yield. Pareto charts suggested no influence of gas flow rate on chosen responses, which correlated well with experimental data. Pore structure was a combination of micro- and mesopores with average pore widths of 3–5 nm and an average point of zero charge of 7.40 ± 0.02. Proximate analysis showed an increase in fixed carbon content from 20%, in the feedstock, to 80%, in the optimised biochar. Morphological analysis showed a layered carbon structure in the biochars. The results show the significance of the selected feedstock as a potential source of biochar material and the relevance of interplay of operational variables in biochar development and their final characteristics.