An Observational Study of the Impact of Immediate Breast Reconstruction on Perioperative Inflammatory Cytokines

Perioperative inflammatory cytokines may be related to cancer proliferation, although few studies have investigated this issue in patients undergoing breast reconstruction surgery. We conducted a prospective study of patients scheduled for mastectomy only, mastectomy plus deep inferior epigastric perforator flap reconstruction (DIEP), or mastectomy plus tissue expander reconstruction (TE), with or without axial dissection (Ax), for primary breast cancer. Blood samples were collected for analysis of serum IL-6 and VEGF preoperatively, then within 24 h postoperatively (POD 1), and 4–6 days postoperatively (POD 4–6). We investigated the difference in serum cytokine levels over time for each surgical procedure and the difference in serum cytokine levels among the procedures at the three measurement time points. There were 120 patients included in the final analysis. Serum IL-6 was significantly higher than the preoperative level on POD 1 in patients who underwent mastectomy only, DIEP, or TE and Ax (+), with higher values persisting on POD 4–6 except in those who underwent DIEP. IL-6 was significantly higher after DIEP than after mastectomy only on POD 1, but no differences were observed at POD 4–6. VEGF did not differ significantly among the surgical procedures at any time. The increase in IL-6 was short term and immediate breast reconstruction is considered a safe procedure.