Causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in children based on endoscopic evaluation at a tertiary care center in Bahrain

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a serious health problem worldwide, particularly during childhood. This can be an alarming sign of an underlying disease. Gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) is a safe method for the diagnosis and treatment of GIB in most cases.AIM To determine the incidence, clinical presentation, and outcomes of GIB in children in Bahrain over the last two decades.METHODS This was a retrospective cohort review of the medical records of children with GIB who underwent endoscopic procedures in the Pediatric Department at Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain, between 1995 and 2022. Demographic data, clinical presentation, endoscopic findings, and clinical outcomes were recorded. GIB was classified into upper (UGIB) and lower (LGIB) GIB according to the site of bleeding. These were compared with respect to patients' sex, age, and nationality using the Fisher's exact, Pearson's ?(2), or the Mann-Whitney U tests.RESULTS A total of 250 patients were included in this study. The median incidence was 2.6/100000 per year (interquartile range, 1.4-3.7) with a significantly increasing trend over the last two decades (P < 0.0001). Most patients were males (n = 144, 57.6%). The median age at diagnosis was 9 years (5-11). Ninety-eight (39.2%) patients required upper GIE alone, 41 (16.4%) required colonoscopy alone, and 111 (44.4%) required both. LGIB was more frequent (n = 151, 60.4%) than UGIB (n = 119, 47.6%). There were no significant differences in sex (P = 0.710), age (P = 0.185), or nationality (P = 0.525) between the two groups. Abnormal endoscopic findings were detected in 226 (90.4%) patients. The common cause of LGIB was inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (n = 77, 30.8%). The common cause of UGIB was gastritis (n = 70, 28%). IBD and undetermined cause for bleeding were higher in the 10-18 years group (P = 0.026 and P = 0.017, respectively). Intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, foreign body ingestion, and esophageal varices were more common in the 0-4 years group (P = 0.034, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.029, respectively). Ten (4%) patients underwent one or more therapeutic interventions. The median follow-up period was two years (0.5-3). No mortality was reported in this study.CONCLUSION GIB in children is an alarming condition, whose significance is increasing. LGIB, commonly due to IBD, was more common than UGIB, commonly due to gastritis.