Optimal Operation of Park and Ride EV Stations in Island Operation with Model Predictive Control

The urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve a decarbonized society has led to the active introduction of electric vehicles worldwide. Renewable energy sources that do not emit greenhouse gases during charging must also be used. However, the uncertainty in the supply of renewable energy is an issue that needs to be considered in practical applications. Therefore, in this study, we predicted the amount of electricity generated by renewable energy using model predictive control, and we considered the operation of a complete island-operated park and ride EV parking station that does not depend on commercial electricity. To perform appropriate model predictive control, we performed comparative simulations for several different forecast interval cases. Based on the obtained results, we determined the forecast horizon and we simulated the economic impact of implementing EV demand response on the electricity demand side. We found that without demand response, large amounts of electricity are recharged and a very high return on investment can be achieved, but with demand response, the return on investment is faster. The results provide a rationale for encouraging infrastructure development in areas that have not yet adopted electric vehicles.