On the properties of residential rooftop azimuth and tilt uncertainties for photovoltaic power generation modeling and hosting capacity analysis

•Previous studies of grid impacts and hosting capacity (HC) have tended to assume uniform and optimal roof facet orientations.•Rooftop facet orientation distributions are analyzed for a Swedish city of Uppsala, from the around 13,500 single-family buildings in the city.•Novel methods to proportionally model the roofs for every penetration level are proposed and tested for both time-series and stochastic HC analysis.•The HC simulations demonstrate how the proposed methods perform significantly better in estimating the photovoltaic HC.