Fully-modelled Blood-Focused Variable Inversion Times for 3D Late Gadolinium-Enhanced Imaging

Purpose: Variable heart rate during single-cycle inversion-recovery Late Gadolinium-Enhanced (LGE) scanning degrades image quality, which can be mitigated using Variable Inversion Times (VTIs) in real-time response to R -R interval changes. We investigate in vivo and in simulations an extension of a single-cycle VTI method previously applied in 3D LGE imaging, that now fully models the longitudinal magnetisation (fmVTI).Methods: The VTI and fmVTI methods were used to perform 3D LGE scans for 28 3D LGE patients, with quali-tative image quality scores assigned for left atrial wall clarity and total ghosting. Accompanying simulations of numerical phantom images were assessed in terms of ghosting of normal myocardium, blood, and myocardial scar.Results: The numerical simulations for fmVTI showed a significant decrease in blood ghosting (VTI: 410 symbolscript 710, fmVTI: 68 symbolscript 40, p < 0.0005) and scar ghosting (VTI: 830 symbolscript 1300, fmVTI: 510 symbolscript 730, p < 0.02). Despite this, there was no significant change in qualitative image quality scores, either for left atrial wall clarity (VTI: 2.0 symbolscript 1.0, fmVTI: 1.8 symbolscript 1.0, p > 0.1) or for total ghosting (VTI: 1.9 symbolscript 1.0, fmVTI: 2.0 symbolscript 1.0, p > 0.7).Conclusions: Simulations indicated reduced ghosting with the fmVTI method, due to reduced Mz variability in the blood signal. However, other sources of phase-encode ghosting and blurring appeared to dominate and obscure this finding in the patient studies available.