Discovering individual-specific gait signatures from data-driven models of neuromechanical dynamics

Locomotion results from the interactions of highly nonlinear neural and biomechanical dynamics. Accordingly, understanding gait dynamics across behavioral conditions and individuals based on detailed modeling of the underlying neuromechanical system has proven difficult. Here, we develop a data-driven and generative modeling approach that recapitulates the dynamical features of gait behaviors to enable more holistic and interpretable characterizations and comparisons of gait dynamics. Specifically, gait dynamics of multiple individuals are predicted by a dynamical model that defines a common, low-dimensional, latent space to compare group and individual differences. We find that highly individualized dynamics – i.e., gait signatures – for healthy older adults and stroke survivors during treadmill walking are conserved across gait speed. Gait signatures further reveal individual differences in gait dynamics, even in individuals with similar functional deficits. Moreover, components of gait signatures can be biomechanically interpreted and manipulated to reveal their relationships to observed spatiotemporal joint coordination patterns. Lastly, the gait dynamics model can predict the time evolution of joint coordination based on an initial static posture. Our gait signatures framework thus provides a generalizable, holistic method for characterizing and predicting cyclic, dynamical motor behavior that may generalize across species, pathologies, and gait perturbations. Author Summary In this manuscript, we introduce a novel, machine learning-based framework for quantifying, characterizing, and modifying the underlying neuromechanical dynamics that drive unique gait patterns. Standard methods for evaluating movement typically focus on extracting discrete gait variables ignoring the complex inter-limb and inter-joint spatiotemporal dependencies that occur during gait. Popular physiologically realistic modeling approaches encode these spatiotemporal dependencies but are too complex to characterize individual differences in the factors driving unique gait patterns or disorders. To circumvent these modeling complications, we develop a phenomenological model of gait that enables more holistic and interpretable characterizations of gait, encoding these complex spatiotemporal dependencies between humans’ joint angles arising from joint neural and biomechanical constraints. Our coined ‘gait signature’ framework provides a path towards understanding the neuromechanics of locomotion. This framework has potential utility for clinical researchers prescribing individualized therapies for pathologies or biomechanists interested in animal locomotion or other periodic movements assessed across different pathologies, neural perturbations, and or conditions. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.