Recent advances in lead-free based perovskite solar cells on optoelectronic properties, stability and economic feasibility

The present review article represents the scope of different lead (Pb)-free hybrid halide Perovskite solar cells (PSC) for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Research on lead-free material is emerging mainly to identify the alternatives of lead in the Perovskite solar cells. Several homovalent (Sn2+, Ge2+, Cu2+) and heterovalent (Sb3+, Bi3+, Ti4+) materials have good physical properties to replace the lead content in the absorbing material compound. However the power conversion efficiency (PCE, %) is not higher as compared to lead based material. This review article focuses on the characteristics, material properties, stability and performance of the different Pb-free materials as absorbing layer in the Perovskite solar cells.