Insight into the Mechanisms Involved in the Removal of Toxic, Rare Earth, and Platinum Elements from Complex Mixtures by Ulva Sp.

Hazardous leachate/effluent from fluorescent lamps contains potentially toxic elements such as Hg and Pb, and critical raw materials such as rare earth elements (REEs). This work evaluated the ability of the live macroalgae Ulva sp. to remediate a simulated lamp industry wastewater consisting of a complex mixture of elements (Y, Eu, La, Ce, Tb, Gd, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, and Pt), with particular emphasis on the investigation of the sorption mechanisms. Experiments were performed with 3.0 g/L (fresh weight) of Ulva sp., salinity 25, and an initial concentration of 100 mu g/L for each element. Hierarchical cluster analysis highlighted two main groups according to removal: Pt and Cd as the less removed, and all others with removals > 76 %, underlining Hg and Ce with the fastest kinetics (up to 92 %). Apart from Co, Zn and Cd, all mathematical models described sorption kinetics well, with Akaike Information Criteria identifying the Elovich model as the best for describing REEs sorption. FTIR analysis identified the sulphated polysaccharide Ulvan as intervening in binding elements to Ulva biomass. Extraction with EDTA 0.001 mol/L showed that most elements were mainly localized in the outer fraction (surface), except for Hg, which was entirely in the inner part. SEM analysis supported the EDTA analysis and showed a clean surface after washing. The results are an important contribution to the understanding of sorption mechanisms in macroalgae and demonstrate the feasibility of macroalgae-based biotechnologies with reduced costs and high efficiency for water decontamination, in complex saline mixtures.