Potential behavior, implication and risk of nanohybrids in the environment: A review

Nowadays, nanohybrids (NHs) play a vital role in various application fields due to their multifunctional properties and are expected to be discharged to the environment inevitably, both intentionally and unintentionally. The underlying negative effects driven by the exposure, migration, toxicity and implication of NHs have attracted widespread attention, whereas literatures regarding these crucial issues have not yet been systematically reviewed so far. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview to identify the specific environmental processes (i.e., aggregation, transport and possible transformation routes) of NHs. Researches on the interaction between NHs and other coexisting substances in the environment are discussed, and the adverse effects of NHs on organisms are also identified, with emphasis on the interplay of materials properties and environmental parameters determining the occurrence, fate and implication of NHs. The challenges and future research directions towards the environmental behavior, implication, and risk of NHs are also proposed.