Age and sex hormones modulate left ventricle regional response to angiotensin II in male and female mice

Age, hypertension, and the female sex are among the risk factors in the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. We studied by standard and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE), the response of the left ventricle (LV) to aging and angiotensin II continuous infusion (ANG II; 1.5 mg/kg/day for 28 days) in 2-and 12-mo-old male and female C57Bl6/J mice. We also investigated the effects of the loss of sex steroids by gonadectomy (GDX). To do so, we used STE data from 48 points or regions of interest (ROIs) around the LV endocardium from B-mode images and generated profiles of maximal strain, strain rate (SR), and reverse SR for each experimental group of mice. In young mice, LV strain, strain rate (SR), and reverse SR profile levels were higher in females than in males. Aging was characterized by concentric LV remodeling and a decrease of strain, SR, and reverse SR. GDX at 6 wk of age slowed normal cardiac growth in male mice. In females, GDX reduced LV strain, SR, and reverse SR but did not influence cardiac growth. ANG II caused similar levels of hypertrophy in young and older mice. In young mice, ANG II had little effect on STE parameters, whereas in older animals, strain, SR, and reverse SR were reduced, mainly for the LV posterior wall. In older GDX mice, hypertrophic response to ANG II was decreased compared with intact animals. Generating detailed STE profile for the LV wall can help detect differences linked to sex, age, or a stressor better than global strain measurements.