Lithostratigraphy of the Bumbeni Complex and its associated subdivisions, South Africa

The Bumbeni Complex represents an Early Cretaceous volcanic complex that developed at the southern termination of the Lebombo mountain range in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The volcano-sedimentary complex intrudes and disconformably overlies the Lebombo Group of the Karoo Large Igneous Province. The volcano-stratigraphy is defined by an assemblage of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks as well as late stage quartz-syenite intrusions. Based on current geological and geophysical studies the complex is considered to represent the remnants of a collapsed cauldron structure. The stratigraphic succession is intricate and laterally discontinuous, comprising mafic and felsic lava flows, welded and non-welded tuffs, ignimbrites, lahar deposits, rhyolite domes and dykes and coarse-grained syenitic rocks. Rhyolite dome formation and collapse, and associated plinian eruptions and column collapse, were largely responsible for the variety of volcaniclastic rocks, including classic air-fall tuff deposits. The complex forms part of a northeast trending volcanic basement lineament known as the Bumbeni Ridge defined by aeromagnetic data.