An online survey of non-compressible torso hemorrhage: training is needed

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of combat deaths, which is a primary lesson learned from modern warfare.[1] If temporary hemostasis is not available, the mortality of non-compressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH), a potentially preventable death (PPD), is as high as 85.5％.[2] Anatomically, NCTH cannot be conventionally controlled by extremity tourniquets. An optimized "treatment en route" strategy may exert a better outcome in NCTH patients.[3] Therefore, gradually shifting to the prehospital application of external hemorrhage control devices (EHCDs), such as abdominal aortic and junctional tourniquet (AAJT) and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA),[4] should be the primary focus.