Polyphasic Characterization of Four Aspergillus Species as Potential Biocontrol Agents for White Mold Disease of Bean

The genus Aspergillus comprises several species that play pivotal roles in agriculture. Herein, we morphologically and physiologically characterized four genetically distinct Aspergillus spp., namely A. japonicus, A. niger, A. flavus, and A. pseudoelegans, and examined their ability to suppress the white mold disease of bean caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. Seriation type of Aspergillus spp. correlates with conidiospores discharge as detected on the Petri glass lid. Members of Nigri section cover their conidial heads with hard shells after prolonged incubation. In addition, sporulation of the tested Aspergillus isolates is temperature sensitive as it becomes inhibited at low temperatures and the colonies become white. Examined Aspergillus spp. were neither infectious to legumes nor aflatoxigenic as confirmed by HPLC except for A. flavus and A. pseudoelegans which, secreted 5 and 1 ppm of aflatoxin B1, respectively. Co-inoculations of Sclerotinia's mycelium or sclerotia with a spore suspension of Aspergillus spp. inhibited their germination on PDA at 18 degrees C and 28 degrees C, and halted disease onset on detached common bean and soybean leaves. Similarly, plants treated with A. japonicus and A. niger showed the highest survival rates compared to untreated plants. In conclusion, black Aspergillus spp. are efficient biocides and safe alternatives for the management of plant diseases, particularly in organic farms.