Facile Fabrication of Durable Biochar/H₂-TiO₂ for Highly Efficient Solar-Driven Degradation of Enrofloxacin: Properties, Degradation Pathways, and Mechanism

Widespread application of TiO2 for degradation of antibiotics is restricted by mainly the low photodegradation efficiency under solar irradiation. To expand the application of TiO2, the key factors that should be improved are visible-light response, yield of electrons and holes, and durability. Herein, we report a visible-light responsive and durable sugarcane-bagasse-derived biochar supported hydrogenated TiO2 (HSCB/H2-TiO2) photocatalyst with higher electron production fabricated by a facile one-pot hydrogenation. Mild hydrogenation temperature preserved the lotus-stem-like structure of sugarcane bagasse and gave the photocatalyst great separability. The superior durability of HSCB/H2-TiO2 was demonstrated by 12 rounds of repeated degradation of methylene blue (MB). In addition, the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results demonstrated that the biochar skeleton contains abundant persistent free radicals (PFRs), which can provide excess electrons to form more •O2-. Meanwhile, radical quenching experiment and EPR radical trapping results also revealed that •O2- was the most dominant species for enrofloxacin (ENR) degradation. Thus, the as-fabricated photocatalyst shows excellent solar-driven degradation of ENR, and 95.6% of ENR was degraded in 180 min under simulated solar irradiation. Possible ENR degradation pathways and mechanism are also proposed based on the identified intermediates.