Neurological Adverse Events Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Current Perspectives and New Development

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of multiple malignancies, especially in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With the extensive application of ICIs in clinical practice, clinicians have to manage their toxicities, which are often termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Several ICIs, such as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and durvalumab, have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat advanced NSCLC, accompanied by a broad spectrum of toxicity reactions. However, ICIs-associated neurological toxicities, regarding polyneuropathy, Bell palsy, encephalopathy, and myasthenia gravis, as uncommon emerging toxicities have not been well recognized, present a challenge for clinicians to improve awareness of supervision, recognition, and management before death from them. Herein, we have summarized the incidence, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, potential mechanisms, treatments, and outcomes of ICIs-related neurotoxicity and optimized the management approach for NSCLC patients. Prompt recognition and proper management are indispensable to reduce the morbidity of these patients with immune-related neurological toxicities.