The Kinase MAP4K1 Inhibits Cytosolic RNA-Induced Antiviral Signaling by Promoting Proteasomal Degradation of TBK1/IKK

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/I kappa B kinase-epsilon (IKK epsilon) mediates robust production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and proinflammatory cytokines in response to acute viral infection. However, excessive or prolonged production of IFN-I is harmful and even fatal to the host by causing autoimmune disorders. In this study, we identified mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP4K1) as a negative regulator in the RIG-Ilike receptor (RLR) signaling pathway. MAP4K1, a member of Ste20-like serine/threonine kinases, was previously known as a prominent regulator in adaptive immunity by downregulating T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. However, its role in regulating antiviral innate immune signaling is still unclear. This study reports an undiscovered role of MAP4K1, which inhibits RLR signaling by targeting TBK1/IKK epsilon for proteasomal degradation via the ubiquitin ligase DTX4. We initially identify MAP4K1 as an interacting partner of TBK1 by yeast two-hybrid screens and subsequently investigate its function in RLR-mediated antiviral signaling pathways. Overexpression of MAP4K1 significantly inhibits RNA virus-triggered activation of IFN-beta and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Consistently, knockdown or knockout experiments show opposite effects. Furthermore, MAP4K1 promotes the degradation of TBK1/IKK epsilon by K48-linked ubiquitination via DTX4. Knockdown of DTX4 abrogated the ubiquitination and degradation of TBK1/IKK epsilon. Collectively, our results identify that MAP4K1 acts as a negative regulator in antiviral innate immunity by targeting TBK1/IKK epsilon, discover a novel TBK1 inhibitor, and extend a novel functional role of MAP4K1 in immunity. IMPORTANCE TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/I kappa B kinase-epsilon (IKK epsilon) mediates robust production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and proinflammatory cytokines to restrict the spread of invading viruses. However, excessive or prolonged production of IFN-I is harmful to the host by causing autoimmune disorders. In this study, we identified that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP4K1) is a negative regulator in the RLR signaling pathway. Notably, MAP4K1 promotes the degradation of TBK1/IKK epsilon by K48-linked ubiquitination via the ubiquitin ligase DTX4, leading to the negative regulation of the IFN signaling pathway. Previous studies showed that MAP4K1 has a pivotal function in adaptive immune responses. This study identifies that MAP4K1 also plays a vital role in innate immunity and outlines a novel mechanism by which the IFN signaling pathway is tightly controlled to avoid excessive inflammation. Our study documents a novel TBK1 inhibitor, which serves as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases, and elucidated a significant function for MAP4K1 linked to innate immunity in addition to subsequent adaptive immunity.