New-onset Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in a Patient with COVID-19 and Chronic Hepatitis B Co-Infection

Background Neurological autoimmune disorders are often triggered by bacterial and viral infections, with growing evidence supporting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection precipitation of these disorders. COVID-19 is already implicated in causing discrete para-infectious neurological syndromes: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), transverse myelitis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and is also associated with encephalopathy, acute cerebrovascular disease, neuromuscular disorders, and seizures. Case Presentation We describe a case of a 43-year-old Asian woman with chronic Hepatitis B (HBV) co-infected acutely with COVID-19, presenting with urinary retention, bilateral blindness, thoracic sensory level, and quadriparesis. Extensive workup narrowed down her diagnosis as seronegative NMOSD. She had complete resolution of symptoms after treatment with concurrent plasma exchange (PLEX), high dose corticosteroids, and emtricitabine-tenofovir. Follow-up visit showed no seroconversion at 6 months and no relapses. Conclusions Our literature review highlights the likely link between COVID-19 infection and the development of neurologic autoimmune diseases. Our literature review supports a virus-triggered immune-mediated process rather than neuro-invasion. Many viral illnesses have been linked to the development of NMOSD and anti-AQP4 antibody-related myelitis. Additionally, there is limited literature linking chronic HBV infection with the development of optic neuritis and speculation thatcross-reactivity between HBsAg and myelin antigens may lead to the development of demyelinating diseases in the CNS and PNS. We observed remarkable clinical improvement after treatment with alternating days of IV methylprednisolone and therapeutic PLEX.