A Review of Substrates for Solid-State Fermentation o f Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), for Basidiome Production and Effect on Bioactive Compounds

Mushrooms in the genus Ganoderma have been collected and used as medicine since ancient times. However, commercial basidiome production has only recently been achieved. The solid substrates for basidiome production usually consist of lignocellulosic materials as the major component and the supplements (e.g., different types of bran and flour) as the minor segment. Research on substrates for solid-state fermentation with the purpose of basidiome production has focused on investigating locally available agrowaste materials, and their suitability is judged by the economic outputs. This review summarizes the formulations of the substrates and discusses their effects on the yield of basidiome or its bioactive compounds. Through a comprehensive look, this review concludes that future research focused on various treatments to modulate extracellular enzyme production may bring more options to the table for innovative solid substrate formulation.