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Rheology Studies of Crosslinked Fracturing Fluids Utilizing Seawater

All Days(2018)

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摘要
AbstractSeawater-based fracturing fluids are used to generate a stable crosslinked fracturing fluid for higher formation temperatures primarily using two types of guar derivatives—HPG and CMHPG. Results are compared to other seawater-based fracturing fluid data in the literature, as well as to traditionally used freshwater-based fracturing fluid. A HP/HT rotational rheometer for viscosity measurements was utilized to assess the stability of the fracturing fluid. Chlorous-acid-based breakers were also tested in the fracturing fluid at various temperatures to assess effectiveness of reducing fluid viscosity. Additionally, a phosphonate-based scale inhibitor was used at various concentrations to mitigate the formation of scales that arise from the mixing of seawater and formation water. The concentration of the additives and consequent results are all provided to display the functionality of the crosslinked gel using seawater.Results confirmed that a dual-crosslinked seawater-based fracturing fluid stability was feasible, as viscosity remained greater than 500 cP for two hours. Freshwater-based fracturing fluid displayed longer gel stability primarily because of a lack of salts that hinder polymer hydration. The stability time varied owing to the thermal degradation of the polymer. The high total of dissolved solids of the seawater had minimal effect on the breaker, as it reduced the stability time of the seawater-based fracturing fluids by over 50%. The introduction of new, cost-effective fracturing fluid formulations introduces environmentally friendly ways to find substitutes for fresh water in hydraulic fracturing operations.
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