Flavin-mediated reductive iron mobilization from frog M and Mycobacterial ferritins: impact of their size, charge and reactivities with NADH/O₂

In vitro, reductive mobilization of ferritin iron using suitable electron transfer mediators has emerged as a possible mechanism to mimic the iron release process, in vivo. Nature uses flavins as electron relay molecules for important biological oxidation and oxygenation reactions. Therefore, the current work utilizes three flavin analogues: riboflavin (RF), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which differ in size and charge but have similar redox potentials, to relay electron from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to ferritin mineral core. Of these, the smallest/neutral analogue, RF, released more iron (similar to three fold) in comparison to the larger and negatively charged FMN and FAD. Although iron mobilization got marred during the initial stages under aerobic conditions, but increased with a greater slope at the later stages of the reaction kinetics, which gets inhibited by superoxide dismutase, consistent with the generation of O-2(center dot-) in situ. The initial step, i.e., interaction of flavins with NADH played critical role in the iron release process. Overall, the flavin-mediated reductive iron mobilization from ferritins occurred via two competitive pathways, involving the reduced form of flavins either alone (anaerobic condition) or in combination with O-2(center dot-) intermediate (aerobic condition). Moreover, faster iron release was observed for ferritins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis than from bullfrog, indicating the importance of protein nanocage and the advantages they provide to the respective organisms. Therefore, these structure-reactivity studies of flavins with NADH/O-2 holds significance in ferritin iron release, bioenergetics, O-2-based cellular toxicity and may be potentially exploited in the treatment of methemoglobinemia. Graphic abstract Smaller sized/neutral flavin analogue, riboflavin (RF) exhibits faster reactivity towards both NADH and O-2 generating more amount of O-2(center dot-) and releases higher amount of iron from different ferritins, compared to its larger sized/negatively charged derivatives such as FMN and FAD. [GRAPHICS]