Bubonic plague, a problem of the past, and a re-emerging threat

Bubonic plaque is caused by Yersinia pestis, which is known as fatal diseases in history. The Justinian plaque, Black death, and modern plaque are the three pandemics that have been recorded in the past. Each plaque pandemic caused gigantic mortalities and has become defining situations in the periods in positively affected areas. Natural plaque foci in rodents globally, which is one of the risk factors for human plaque. While bubonic plaque is a sporadic disease in many countries, more than 85% of plaque cases still occur in Africa and other countries. This paper describes the fatalness of Yersinia pestis in the modern world by considering its occurrence and disease severity, transmission, antibiotic resistance, and its potential as a bioweapon. Y. pestis can be used as bioweapons and bioterrorism activities worldwide and has a potential threat to cause millions of deaths in densely populated areas. Training should be done for the awareness of bioterrorism to the general public. Advance research is necessary to search for alternatives to antibiotic cure to fight against the risk of plague. Different management and preventive strategies should be considered, which are less costly and effective against the re-emerging threat of plague to the current world.