Characterization of the liver immune microenvironment in liver biopsies from patients with chronic HBV infection

•Two different liver immune microenvironments were identified in patients with chronic hepatitis B: immune high and immune low.•Immune high patients had elevated immune pathway activity and immune cell signatures corresponding to B cells, T cells and macrophages.•Antiviral treatment and normalization of ALT correlates with a marked decrease in liver immune infiltrate and inflammation.•CXCL10 and ICAM-1 were identified as peripheral biomarkers that correlated with these differentiated immune microenvironments.