Analytical tools for substituted hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite (HA) continues to attract much attention owning to its many potential applications in biomedical field, especially in orthopedics and dentistry, because of its similarity to the composition of mineral component of hard tissue. The ability to exchange ions in apatite structure allows to play with structure–property relation for design and development of ion-substituted calcium phosphates for targeted applications. The influence of the various vicarious ions within the HA provokes structural changes that have key effects related to the physical, microstructural, chemical, and biological properties of the obtained substituted HA. This chapter provides an overview about the analytical tools for majority of the investigated anionic and cationic substitutions within the HA lattice.