TIR Signaling Promotes the Interactions Between EDS1/PAD4 and ADR1-L1 and Oligomerization of ADR1-L1

Both plants and animals use nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors to perceive pathogens and trigger immunity. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-type plant NLRs (TNLs) require the lipase-like protein family members Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1)/ Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4)/ Senescence-Associated Gene 101 (SAG101) and helper NLRs (hNLRs) for downstream signaling, the biochemical mechanisms of which remain unclear. Here, we report that TIR signaling promotes the association of EDS1 and PAD4 with hNLR ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1-Like 1 (ADR1-L1), and the oligomerization of ADR1-L1s for downstream immune activation and cell death. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.