Positive Influences and Challenges for the Deaf Community Navigating Access to HIV Information, Testing, and Treatment in Kampala, Uganda: A Qualitative Study

Although sub-Saharan Africa has the highest HIV burden globally, few studies have investigated disabilities and HIV in this region. We conducted a secondary analysis of text data from in-depth interviews (2014–2015) to describe HIV perceptions among a subsample of 73 deaf individuals participating in the Crane survey, Kampala, Uganda. Being deaf was defined as being profoundly or functionally deaf, having deafness onset 5 + years ago, and preferring sign language to communicate. Among participants ever tested for HIV (47%), most (88%) had a negative test. Thematic analysis revealed overcoming challenges/barriers followed by socioeconomic status, support systems, HIV, stigma, abuse, and health conditions as major themes. An unanticipated finding was the role of sex work to support basic living needs. The data showed related themes among participants, suggesting a complex context in which deaf participants experience HIV prevention and treatment. It is important to tailor HIV interventions for deaf and disabled persons.