Melanoma Brain Metastases in the Era of Targeted Therapy and Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy

Simple Summary Brain metastases are common in melanoma and are often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although many new treatments for melanoma have been approved in recent years, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF/MEK inhibitors, limited data are available for survival for patients with brain metastases treated with these novel therapies. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate current surgical, radiation, and systemic therapies over the past 10 years in melanoma patients with brain metastases. Our study noted increased overall survival in patients treated with craniotomy and CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitors, while whole brain radiation was associated with poorer overall survival. Brain metastases commonly develop in melanoma and are associated with poor overall survival of about five to nine months. Fortunately, new therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF/MEK inhibitors, have been developed. The aim of this study was to identify outcomes of different treatment strategies in patients with melanoma brain metastases in the era of checkpoint inhibitors. Patients with brain metastases secondary to melanoma were identified at a single institution. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify baseline and treatment factors, which correlated with progression-free and overall survival. A total of 209 patients with melanoma brain metastases were identified. The median overall survival of the cohort was 5.3 months. On multivariable analysis, the presence of non-cranial metastatic disease, poor performance status (ECOG 2-4), whole-brain radiation therapy, and older age at diagnosis of brain metastasis were associated with poorer overall survival. Craniotomy (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.45-0.97) and treatment with a CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.94) were the only interventions associated with improved overall survival. Further studies with novel agents are needed to extend lifespan in patients with brain metastases in melanoma.