Habitat loss and degradation due to farming intensification modify the floral visitor assemblages of a semiarid keystone shrub

The expansion of intensive agriculture has severely altered landscapes, a process that has been aggravated by the increase of greenhouse agriculture. However, few studies have considered the combined effects of habitat loss/degradation and greenhouse farming on insect visitors to native plants. We analysed how habitat loss/degradation and greenhouse farming are related to the composition, abundance, and richness of the insect assemblages visiting flowers in a semiarid keystone shrub (Ziziphus lotus) in southeast Spain, home to Europe's largest area of greenhouses. We studied 21 populations distributed across a gradient of greenhouse intensification and habitat loss. The composition, abundance, and richness of theZiziphusinsect assemblage substantially varied between populations and were differently affected by natural habitat-remnant and landscape degradation and population isolation. Insect abundance was negatively affected by habitat loss at population level but positively affected at individualZiziphusscale. Honey-bee relative abundance increased in highly degraded landscapes and isolated populations, being positively associated with hoverflies and negatively with ants and bee-flies. Wild bees, carrion flies, and wasps remain neutral along the degradation axes. Insect visitor abundance per plant affected positively the flower visitation rate, which was also favoured by the relative abundance of honey bees, wild bees, and hoverflies. Species richness was not influenced by anthropogenic degradation, and did not affect flower visitation rate. Our results highlight the fragility of wild pollinator communities to landscape and habitat degradation, and the need to regulate intensive farming practices to preserve wild insect pollinator assemblages in semiarid habitats.