Updates on the Role of Bone Turn Over Markers and Other Risk Factors in The Assessment of Fracture and Osteoporosis Risk

Osteoporosis is a global health problem and amplified especially in developed countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis and its related risk factors in community of Karachi-Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey based study was performed during the period of March 2019 to December 2019. Two thousand six hundred and ninety-seven (N = 2,679) participants aged 35 years and older were selected through convenience sampling technique from orthopedic ward of different private and government hospitals at Karachi-Pakistan. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurement was performed using a non- invasive "heel ultrasound" method with the help of sonometer. T-scores were recorded to categorize the study population as "normal", "osteopenia" and "osteoporosis". Risk factors associated with osteoporosis were also analyzed using a standardized questionnaire. Overall prevalence of osteoporosis in the whole study population was 29.5% with 18.1% for men and 38% for women. Risk of osteoporosis was significantly associated with family history of osteoporosis (OR, 1.75), regular smoking (OR, 2.53), post-menopause (OR, 2.32), delivery after 30 years of age (OR, 2.21), amenorrhea (OR, 2.15), high usage of beverages especially soft drinks (OR, 1.79), high fat diet (OR, 2.01), arthritis (OR, 4.02), obesity (OR, 3.71) and hormonal imbalances (OR, 2.91) at 95% confidence interval with p < 0.05. However, risk of osteoporosis was decreases with daily exercise (0.25), use of calcium supplements (047), hormonal therapy (0.25) and in graduate individuals (0.22).The prevalence of osteoporosis was found much higher in female compared to male population. Risk of osteoporosis was significantly associated with family history, smoking, menopause, high usage of beverages (especially soft drinks), high fat diet, arthritis, obesity and hormonal imbalances.