Disclosing crystal nucleation mechanism in lithium disilicate glass through molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations

Unraveling detailed mechanism of crystal nucleation from amorphous materials is challenging for both experimental and theoretical approaches. In this study, we have examined two methods to understand the initial stage of crystal precipitation from lithium disilicate glasses using molecular dynamics simulations. One of the methods is a modified exploring method to find structurally similar crystalline clusters in the glass models, enabling us to find three different embryos, such as Li 2 Si 2 O 5 (LS 2 ), Li 2 SiO 3 (LS) and Li 3 PO 4 (LP), in the 33Li 2 O·66SiO 2 ·1P 2 O 5 glass (LS 2 P1), in which P 2 O 5 is added as a nucleating agent. Interestingly, LS 2 and LP crystals were found inside the LS 2 P1 glass while LS crystal appeared on the glass surface, which agrees with experimental observations. The other method is free energy calculation using a subnano-scale spherical crystal embedded in the glass model. This method, which we called Free-Energy Seeding Method (FESM), allows us to evaluate free energy change as a function of crystal radius and to identify critical size of the crystal precipitation. The free energy profiles for LS and LS 2 crystal nuclei in the LS 2 glass models possess maximum energy at a critical radius as expected by classical nucleation theory. Furthermore, the critical radius and the energy barrier height agree well with recent experimental investigation, proving the applicability of this method to design glass–ceramics by atomistic modeling.