Molecular basis of differential parasitism between non-encapsulated and encapsulated Trichinella revealed by a high-quality genome assembly

Understanding roles of repetitive sequences in genomes of parasites could offer insights into their evolution, speciation, and parasitism. As a unique intracellular nematode, Trichinella consists of two clades, encapsulated and non-encapsulated. Genomic correlation to the distinct differences between the two clades is still unclear. Here we report an annotated draft reference genome of non-encapsulated Trichinella , T. pseudospiralis , and performed comparative analyses with encapsulated T. spiralis . Genome analysis revealed that, during Trichinella evolution, repetitive sequence insertions played an important role in gene family expansion in synergy with DNA methylation, especially for the DNase II members of the phospholipase D superfamily and Glutathione S-transferases. We further identify the genomic and epigenomic regulation of excretory/secretory products in relation to differences in parasitism, pathology and immunology between the two clades Trichinella . The present study provided a foundation for further elucidation of mechanism of nurse cell formation and immunoevasion as well as identification of phamarcological and diagnostic targets of trichinellosis.