Wild songbirds exhibit consistent individual differences in inter-specific social behaviour

1. Natural populations and communities consist of individuals that differ in their phenotypes. There is increasing evidence in community ecology that consistent intraspecific variation in behaviour changes the outcome of ecological interactions. 2. Differences in intra- and inter-specific interactions are expected to play a major role in determining patterns of species coexistence and community structure. However, the question of whether individuals vary in their propensity to associate with heterospecifics has been neglected. 3. We used social network analysis to characterise pattern of heterospecific associations in wild mixed-species flocks of songbirds, and assessed whether individuals adopt consistent social strategies in their broader, heterospecific, social environment. We quantified heterospecific foraging associations using data from a large automatically monitored PIT-tagged population of birds, involving more than 300 000 observations of flock membership, collected over three winters, for two tit species (Paridae), blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus , and great tits, Parus major . 4. We assessed individual consistency in interspecific social preferences over both short-term (week-to-week) and longer-term (year-to-year) timescales for a total of 4610 individuals, and found that blue tits and great tits exhibited marked and consistent intraspecific differences in heterospecific social phenotypes in terms of both absolute and relative number of associates. Further, we found that these consistent differences were significantly greater than expected from spatial and temporal differences in population densities. 5. Heterospecific associations represent a major component of the social environment for many species, and our results show that individuals vary consistently in their social decisions with respect to heterospecifics. These findings provide support for the notion that intraspecific trait variation contributes to patterns at community and ecosystem levels.