Declines in Pneumonia and Meningitis Hospitalizations in Children under 5 Years of Age after Introduction of 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Zambia, 2010–2016

Abstract Background Pneumococcus is a leading cause of pneumonia and meningitis. Zambia introduced a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in July 2013 using a 3-dose primary series at ages 6, 10, and 14 weeks with no booster. We evaluated the impact of PCV10 on meningitis and pneumonia hospitalizations. Methods Using hospitalization data from first-level care hospitals, available at the Ministry of Health, and from the largest pediatric referral hospital in Lusaka, we identified children aged <5 years who were hospitalized with pneumonia or meningitis from January 2010–December 2016. We used time-series analyses to measure the effect of PCV10 on monthly case counts by outcome and age group (<1 year, 1–4 years), accounting for seasonality. We defined the pre- and post-PCV10 periods as January 2010–June 2013 and July 2014–December 2016, respectively. Results At first-level care hospitals, pneumonia and meningitis hospitalizations among children aged <5 years accounted for 108 884 and 1742 admissions in the 42 months pre-PCV10, respectively, and 44 715 and 646 admissions in the 30 months post-PCV10, respectively. Pneumonia hospitalizations declined by 37.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.4–50.3%) and 28.8% (95% CI 17.7–38.7%) among children aged <1 year and 1–4 years, respectively, while meningitis hospitalizations declined by 72.1% (95% CI 63.2–79.0%) and 61.6% (95% CI 50.4–70.8%), respectively, in these age groups. In contrast, at the referral hospital, pneumonia hospitalizations remained stable and a smaller but significant decline in meningitis was observed among children aged 1–4 years (39.3%, 95% CI 16.2–57.5%). Conclusions PCV10 introduction was associated with declines in meningitis and pneumonia hospitalizations in Zambia, especially in first-level care hospitals.