Dispersion, persistence, and stability of the biocontrol agent Penicillium frequentans strain 909 after stone fruit tree applications

The capacity of dispersion, persistence, and stability from biocontrol agents is essential before these organisms can be developed into a commercial product. Interactions that microorganisms establish with stone fruit trees may be beneficial in the exploitation of trees in agriculture as crop production. The natural background levels of Penicillium frequentans strain 909 dispersion, persistence, and stability were assessed after tree applications and postharvest conditions. A fingerprinting-based approach to trace genetic stability of P. frequentans along stored time and its release in the field was developed. P. frequentans was successfully traced and discriminated. This strain was dispersed well in treated trees, persisting in the ecosystem up to 2 weeks and staying genetically stable after 36 months of storage. However, the dispersal of P. frequentans was very limited on around untreated trees and soil. P. frequentans dispersed randomly into the air, and its presence reduced from the first day to disappear completely at 15–21 days after application. Great losses of P. frequentans and its increased dispersal in open field conditions probably resulted from rainfall. Biological control strategies with Pf909 were discussed.