Numerical Simulation of the Ice Resistance in Pack Ice Conditions

In this study, the ice resistance of ship under the pack ice condition has been estimated using Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation and penalty-based fluid–structure interaction technique. Especially, the hydrodynamic loads occurring during the ship–ice interaction were combined in the numerical model, which could be important for simulating pack ice conditions. The feasibility of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic performance in the fluid model was verified, respectively. By using an ice field generation algorithm to generate randomly distributed pack ices, the ice resistance of an oil tanker has been calculated and validated by comparing with the empirical formula. Moreover, the necessity to consider water effect in the interaction between ship and ice was also discussed.