Silicon increases phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat under low P acid soil conditions

Background and aims Although silicon (Si) is known to improve plant growth under low phosphorus (P) conditions, the in planta mechanisms responsible for this effect are still unknown. Here, we investigated the role of Si on P uptake along with the expression of Pi transporters in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) grown in low P acid soil in comparison with P fertilization and liming. Methods A combined approach was performed including analyses of rhizosphere soil, tissue P content, the expression of the root Pi transporter genes ( TaPHT1.1 and TaPHT1. 2), and the root exudation of citrate and malate. Results Supply of Si in a form of Na 2 SiO 3 increased shoot P concentration to an adequate level in the range of P-fertilized plants. Silicon ameliorated low soil pH and high Al 3+ comparable to the effect of liming. The in planta effect of Si on up-regulating the expression of TaPHT1.1 and TaPHT1. 2 was several fold higher and consequently P uptake doubled compared to both P fertilization and liming. In addition, Si directly stimulated root Pi acquisition by prominently increasing both malate and citrate exudation rate. Conclusions Application of Si increased root exudation of organic acids that mobilize Pi in the rhizosphere and up-regulated Pi transporters in wheat roots.