Human papillomavirus infection mechanism and vaccine of vulva carcinoma

Vulvar carcinoma is a rare tumor occurring in female patients. Though more than 40% of vulva cancers are due to the infection of human papillomavirus (HPV), understanding of HPV and vulvar carcinoma is insufficient. HPV expression is regulated by cellular and viral transcription factors that bind to specific elements within the ligase chain reaction. These proteins bind with different affinity to host cell proteins and disrupt normal epithelial differentiation and apoptosis. Immunotherapy does not target tumors, but instead targets the host immune system. Active immunotherapy is tumor-targeting or immune-targeting monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. Nonspecific active immunotherapy is mainly cytokine therapy. In the treatment and prevention of HPV, the most popular research projects were regarding peptide, recombinant protein and DNA-based vaccines, recombinant virus and other targets in HPV infection. Since the cervix and vulva are both susceptible areas, these studies may be able to help reduce prevalence of vulvar precancerous lesions and prevent all cancers caused by HPV.